Short posting that helps me to find SharePoint 2010 setup and configuration logs easily. Taken from TechNet page Verify upgrade and review upgraded sites (SharePoint Foundation 2010).
The Setup.exe log file for SharePoint Foundation 2010
The Setup log file is stored in the temp directory for the user account that is running Setup (%USERTEMP% or %WINDIR%\Users\user account\AppData\Local\Temp). It is named SharePoint Foundation Setup(YYYYMMDD-HHMMSS-SSS).log, where YYYYMMDD is the date and HHMMSS-SSS is the time (hours in 24-hour clock format, minutes, seconds, and milliseconds).
The SharePoint Products Configuration Wizard (Psconfig.exe) log file
The Psconfig.exe log files are located at %COMMONPROGRAMFILES%\Microsoft Shared\Web server extensions\14\LOGS. The logs are named in the following format: PSCDiagnostics_MM_DD_YYYY_HH_MM_SS_SSS_randomnumber.log, where MM_DD_YY is the date and HH_MM_SS_SSS is the time (hours in 24-hour clock format, minutes, seconds, and milliseconds), and the random number is used to differentiate between possible simultaneous attempts to run the Psconfig.exe program.
The upgrade log file and the upgrade error log file
The upgrade log file and the upgrade error log file are located at %COMMONPROGRAMFILES%\Microsoft Shared\Web server extensions\14\LOGS. The logs are named in the following format: Upgrade-YYYYMMDD-HHMMSS-SSS.log, where YYYYMMDD is the date and HHMMSS-SSS is the time (hours in 24-hour clock format, minutes, seconds, and milliseconds). The upgrade error log file combines all errors and warnings into a shorter file and is named Upgrade-YYYYMMDD-HHMMSS-SSS-error.log.